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GLOSSARY α-KG α-Ketoglutarate 2-HG 2-Hydroxyglutarate 3-PG 3-Phosphoglycerate 4EBP1 4E-binding protein 1 6PG 6-Phospho-D-gluconate AAM Alternatively activated macrophage Aβ Amyloid-β ACC Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Ac-CoA Acetyl-coenzyme A ACL ATP citrate lyase ACSS Acyl-CoA synthetase short chain AD Alzheimer’s disease AGC kinases Protein kinase A (PKA), PKG, PKC AML Acute myeloid leukemia AMP Adenosine monophosphate AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase AR α 1A -adrenoceptor Arf1 ADP-ribosylation factor 1 ASNS Asparagine synthetase ASS1 Argininosuccinate synthetase-1 ATF4 Activating Transcription Factor 4 ATG13/ATG14 Autophagy related ATIC Aminoimidazole-carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase IMP cyclohydrolase BAT Brown adipose tissue BCAA Branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine) Bcl-xL B-cell lymphoma-extra large CAD Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydro-orotase CAM Classically activated macrophage cAMP Adenosine 3′5′-cyclic monophosphate CCT Chaperonin containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 CPT1 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I CR Caloric restriction CREB2 cAMP-responsive element binding 2 CRTC2 CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2 Cryo-EM Cryogenic electron microscopy CTP Cytidine triphosphate DAP1 Death associated protein 1 DEPDC5 DEP domain containing 5 DEPTOR DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein Dlk1-Dio3 Delta-like homolog 1 deiodinase iodothyronine type III cluster DNMT3B DNA methyltransferase 3B EMT Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition ENO Enolase EP300 E1A-associated protein p300 ER Endoplasmic reticulum ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinase ETC Electron transport chain FA Fatty acids FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide FAO Fatty acid oxidation FASN Fatty acid synthase FKBP12 12-kDa FK506-binding protein FLCN Folliculin FNIP1 and FNIP2 Folliculin interacting protein 1 and 2 FOXK1 Forkhead box K1 FOXO Forkhead box O FR-α Folate receptor-alpha FRB domain FKBP12/rapamycin binding domain G6P Glucose-6-phosphate G6PD Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase GA 3-P Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate GAP GTPase-activating protein GDH Glutamate dehydrogenase GDP Guanosine diphosphate GEF Guanine nucleotide exchange factor GFAT1 Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 GlcNAc N-acetylglucosamine GLS Glutaminase GLUT1 Glucose transporter 1 GMP Guanosine monophosphate GPCR G protein-coupled receptor Grb10 Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 GSK3β Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta GTP Guanosine-5′-triphosphate HBP Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway HD Huntington’s disease HDAC Histone deacetylase HIF Hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1α Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha HK2 Hexokinase 2 HM Hydrophobic motif HMGCS Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase hnRNPs Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein HSC Hematopoietic stem cell HSF Heat-shock transcription factor 1 HTT Huntingtin HuR Human antigen R IDH1/2 Isocitrate dehydrogenase IGF1R Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor IIS Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling IKK Inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase IMP Inosine monophosphate IMPDH2 Inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 iPSC Induced pluripotent stem cell IRS-1 Insulin receptor substrate-1 LAM Lymphangioleiomyomatosis LAMTOR2 Late Endosomal/Lysosomal Adaptor, MAPK and mTOR Activator 2 LATS1/LATS2 Large tumor suppressor 1,2 LDH Lactate dehydrogenase LincRNA-RoR Large intergenic noncoding RNA-RoR lncARSR lncRNA Regulator of Akt Signaling Associated with HCC and RCC MAM Mitochondria-associated ER membrane MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase MAT Methionine adenosyltransferase MCAM Melanoma cell adhesion molecule MEF Murine embryonic fibroblast miR MicroRNA MTFP1 Mitochondrial fission process protein 1 MTHFD2 Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 mTOR Mechanistic target of rapamycin mTORC1 mTOR complex 1 mTORC2 mTOR complex 2 NAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADK Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NAM Nicotinamide NAMPT Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase NAMPT-AS Long noncoding antisense transcript of NAMPT NFT Neurofibrillary tangle NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NK cells Natural killer cells NLK Nemo-like kinase NMN Nicotinamide mononucleotide NPRL2 Nitrogen permease regulator 2-like protein OGT O -GlcNAc transferase OXPHOS Oxidative phosphorylation PAMPS Pathogen-associated molecular patterns PAT4/SLC36A4 SLC36/proton dependent amino acid transporter 4 PD Parkinson’s disease Pdcd4 Programmed cell death 4 protein PDK Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase PDK1 Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 PDK3 Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 PEP Phosphoenolpyruvate PFK Phosphofructokinase-2 PFKFB3 Phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase B3 isotype PGI Phosphoglucose isomerase PH Pleckstrin homology domain PI3K Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PIP 3 Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate PKC Protein kinase C PKM2 Pyruvate kinase isoform M2 PKN2 Protein kinase N2 PLA 2 Phospholipase A 2 Poly-Q Polyglutamine POMC Proopiomelanocortin PP2A Protein phosphatase 2A PPARγ Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ PPP Pentose phosphate pathway PRAS40 Proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa PRPP Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate PRPS2 Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 2 PTEN Phosphatase and tensin homolog Rag Ras-related GTP binding protein RAPTOR Regulatory-associated protein of mTOR REDD1 Regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 RFC Reduced folate carrier Rheb Ras homolog enriched in brain ROS Reactive oxygen species RPIA Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A RSK p90 Ribosomal S6 kinase RTK Receptor tyrosine kinase S6K Ribosomal protein S6 kinase SAM S -adenosylmethionine SAMTOR SAM sensor upstream of mTORC1 SCD1 Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 SIN1 Stress-activated protein kinase interacting protein 1 SIRT1 Sirtuin 1 SOX2 SRY-box transcription factor 2 SREBP Sterol regulatory element binding protein SRPK2 Serine/arginine-rich protein kinase 2 TBK1 TANK-binding kinase TCA Tricarboxylic acid TCR T-cell receptor TGFβ1 Transforming growth factor beta 1 THF Tetrahydrofolate TKT Transketolase TM Turn motif TNBC Triple-negative breast cancer TOS TOR signaling motif TRAF6 TNF receptor associated factor 6 T reg T regulatory cell TSC Tuberous sclerosis complex UDP-GlcNAc Uridine-5-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine ULK1 unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1 UMP Uridine monophosphate UPR Unfolded protein response URB1 URB1 Ribosome Biogenesis Homolog UTR Untranslated region VEGFA Vascular endothelial growth factor A VDAC2 Voltage Dependent Anion-Selective Channel 2 WAT White adipose tissue WD40 Trp Asp repeats WDR24 WD repeat-containing protein 24 YY1 yin yang 1 GRANTS The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the NJ Commission on Cancer Research (DFHS18CRF008) and NIH (GM-079176, CA-154674, GM-137493)

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Size:60 Servings

Studies focused on peripheral pain generator blockade suggest that fibromyalgia symptoms should either disappear or not develop with such a blockade [12,46]